Sulfonamides Presentation

Title: Sulfonamides, trimethoprim and Quinolones 1 Sulfonamides, trimethoprim and Quinolones. By. S. Bohlooli, PhD.

1. Sulfonamides Presentation
2. Sulfonamides Definition

School of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences 2 Antifolate drugs. Sulfonamides. Trimethoprim.

Trimethoprim Sulfamethoxazole mixture 3 Sulfonamides chemistry 4 Sulfonamides mechanism of action. Inhibition of dihydropetroate synthase 5 Sulfonamides antimicrobial activity.

Gram positive and negative bacteria. Nocardia, chlamydia trachomatis.

The sulfonamides represent a large class of antibiotics that have multiple clinical uses. The sulfonamides were the first effective antibiotics to be introduced into clinical medicine and have been in use continuously since the 1930’s.

Some protoza. Some enteric bacteria.

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Sulfonamides Presentation

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Submitted By Marlu Words 1851 Pages 8 SULFONAMIDES Abstract Sulfonamides are among one of the oldest drugs to be used as antibiotics. They were invented in 1930's. Nowadays doctors prefer to prescribe them as the traditional drug of choice for urinary tract infections and sexually transmitted diseases. Currently, the new development of antibiotics to combat illnesses caused by bacterial resistant strains and have limited the usefulness of Sulfa medications. Objectives Upon successful completion of this presentation you should be able to:. Understand and communicate your knowledge of Sulfonamides mode of action and bacterial resistance.

Identify and understand the contra indications, common signs and symptoms of allergic reactions to Sulfonamides. Identify 3 common trade names for sulfonamides and select indication for use between different patient population. Type and class of Pathogen Sulfonamides have been in use since the 1930's, these drugs are effective against both gram- negative and gram - positive bacteria. Sulfonamides are know as broad spectrum antimicrobial drugs; they are effective against a wide variety of microorganisms most Enterobacteriaceae, Chlamydia trachomatis, Nisseria, Haemophilus influenzae, Norcardia, E.Coli, P. Mirabilis some staphylococci, and many streptococci (with exception of Enterococcus faecalis). They are used for treatment of Protozoan such as Toxoplasma gondii, and mycobacterial. Sulfonamides are use for treatment and prophylaxis of Pneumocytis carinii and Shigella small bowel infections.

Mode of Action Sulfonamides are bacteriostatic anti-invectives that 'inhibit bacteria' growth but do not destroy it (Lilley, Collins, Harrington & Snyder, 2011). By preventing the bacterial synthesis of a.wheat yield and physical properties of soil. Environ Monit Assess 107(1-3), 1-9. ❖ Hansen, T.L., Jansen, J.C., Davidsson, A. & Christensen, T.H. (2007) Effects of pre-treatment technologies on quantity and quality of source-sorted municipal organic waste for biogas recovery. Waste Manag 27(3), 398-405.

(1997) Research on humans: what have we learned? Forum Appl Res Public Policy 12(3), 132-6. ❖ Li, R., Chen, S.

Biogas production from anaerobic co-digestion of food waste with dairy manure in a two-phase digestion system. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 160(2), 643-54. ❖ Prabhu, V., Lui, H. (1997) Arabidopsis dihydropteroate synthase: general properties and inhibition by reaction product and sulfonamides. Phytochemistry 45(1), 23-7.

& Calderon, M.M. Environmental and economic analysis of application of water hyacinth for eutrophic water treatment coupled with biogas production. J Environ Manage 110, 246-53.

Words: 1139 - Pages: 5.ribosomes, inhibit protein synthesis Contracindicated in renal failure, children.absolute ethanol catalyzed by concentrated sulfuric acid and later neutralized with a 10% sodium carbonate solution. Neutralization raised the pH of the overall reaction system to about 8 creating a precipitate of Benzocaine. Recrystallization of the crude product was performed to increase purity. Our experiment produced a 0.0705g crude sample of Benzocaine with a melting point of 86.55 – 88oC. Recrystallization produced a 0.0411g pure sample with a melting point of 89.5 – 90.9oC.

Pure Benzocaine melts at 90oC. Benzocaine is an odorless, white, rhombohedric crystal with low water solubility. It is sensitive to light exposure and to temperatures above 30° C.

As a drug, it has a low potency and low systemic toxicity. It is also a possible sulfonamide antagonist. Reaction: H+ + CH3CH2OH p-Aminobenzoic acid ethanol Benzocaine Since the reaction is in equilibrium, excess water would cause the reaction to favor the reactants and thus not produce the desired product. Our intent is to create the ethyl esther functional group.

Results: Benzocaine Product Crude Purified Mass.0705g.0411g M.P. 86.55-88oC 89.5-90.9oC Melting Point% error Crude = 90o-88o/90 x 100 = 2.2% error Purified = 90.9o-90o/90 x 100 = 1.0% error Theoretical yield 0.131g p-aminobenzoic acid x 1mol/137.14g = 9.55x10-4 mol p-aminobenzoic acid. 1.20 mL ethanol x.789g/mL x 1mol/46.07g = 2.055x10-2 mol ethanol.

Words: 887 - Pages: 4. Esterification 2. Anhydride formation 3. Amide formation 4. Acid formation Anhydrides Reaction: 1.

Ester formation 2. Amide formation 3.

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Acid formation Halo Acids, α‐Hydroxy Acids, and α, β‐Unsaturated Acids Preparation: 1. Hell-Volhard-Zelinski reaction 2.

Formation of alpha hydroxyl acids 3. Formation of amino acids 4. Formation of α, β-unsaturated acids Amines Preparation: 1. Alkylation of ammonia 2. Via alkylazide reduction 3. Gabriel synthesis 4. Reduction of nitriles 5.

Reduction of amides 6. Reduction of nitrocompounds 7.

Reductive Amination of aldehydes and ketones Reaction: 8. Ammonium ion formation 9. Amide formation 10.

Benzene sulfonamide formation 11. Oxidation 12. Reaction with nitrous acid 13. Reaction of diazonium salt. Words: 623 - Pages: 3.Focus Assessment Date: Client Initials: B.M Age:93 Sex: F Code Status: DNRCC-A Primary Medical Diagnosis: CVA Allergies: Sulfonamides, iodine, iodine contrast dye. Significant Medical History and/or Other Medical Diagnoses Hypertension, Hyperlipidemia, Colon cancer, Uterine cancer, CVA, legally blind, macular degeneration, Ileostomy, renal insufficiency. Current Treatments & Interventions for the Client Anticoagulation therapy, Transfer with 1 person assist, physical therapy consult, occupational therapy consult.

Recent Tests & Procedures and the Results CBC: High hematocrit, low platelets, normal WBCs CT Scan of Head: 2 areas of ischemic attacks. EEG: Signs cerebral ischemic attacks parietal and occipital lobes. Assessment Focus Assessment (specify): Data: Pt. Stated she woke up during the night and noticed the right side of her body was weak and she found it difficult to move her right arm and right leg. Brought to the ED where a CT scan was performed. This showed areas of ischemic attacks.

Is alert and oriented to place and situation. The patient is aware of time but is unable to give the exact time. May or may not be attributed to her being legally blind. Pupils round equal and reactive bilaterally.

Right hand grasp slightly weaker then left. Lungs bilaterally clear and diminished in bases. Bowel sounds active times 4 quadrants.

Has ileostomy which is pink, draining. Words: 282 - Pages: 2.periodontitis, vomiting, insomnia, hypercholesterolemia, weight gain, abnormal vision, rhinitis, pharyngitis and hypertriglyceridemia.

Contraindicated: Colace should not be given if there is a suspicion of intestinal obstruction. It may interfere with the efficacy of aspirin, potassium supplements, potassium-sparing diuretics and mineral oil (liquid paraffin). Adverse Effects: Side effects include stomach ache, abdominal cramps, nausea and loss of appetite. Allergy to ingredients can cause skin rash; the medication should be stopped immediately and a doctor consulted.

Hypocalcaemia (low calcium) may occur, leading to muscle cramps, muscle weakness and dizziness. Contraindicated in: Hypersensitivity; Cross-sensitivity with thiazides and sulfonamides may occur; Hepatic coma or anuria; Some liquid products may contain alcohol, avoid in patients with alcohol intolerance. Adverse Reactions/Side Effects: CNS: blurred vision, dizziness, headache, vertigo.

EENT: hearing loss, tinnitus. CV: hypotension. GI: anorexia, constipation, diarrhea, dry mouth, dyspepsia, ↑ liver enzymes, nausea, pancreatitis, vomiting. Assessment History: Allergy to acetaminophen, impaired hepatic function, chronic alcoholism, pregnancy, lactationImplementation Do not exceed the recommended dosage. Avoid using multiple preparations containing acetaminophen.

Carefully check all OTC products. Give drug with food if GI upset occurs. Discontinue drug if hypersensitivity reactions. Words: 2080 - Pages: 9.

Also called semi-synthetics 22. Which does not pertain to broad-spectrum drugs? Often used when the pathogen has not been identified b. Can also kill or inhibit the patient’s normal flora c. Include oral penicillin and tetracycline d. Can only kill Gram+ bacteria e.

Should not be used if pathogen’s identity is known and a narrow-spectrum drug is available 23. Which of the following is not true of both natural penicillins and first generation cephalosporins? Contain a beta-lactam ring b. Come from molds c.

Damage bacterial cytoplasmic membranes d. Easily modified e. Can be inactivated by beta-lactamases 24. Sulfonamides can best be described as: a. Antimetabolites b. Antiviral agents c. Containing a beta-lactam ring d.

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Aminoglycosides e. Inhibiting cell wall synthesis True or False: Place a T or F in front of each of the following. (2 points each) 25. Transcription is the process of making RNA from a DNA template.

Sulfonamides Definition

The most common type of control in bacterial is transcriptional. A repressor controls the lactose operon. Mutations always affect the genotype.

Prions only contain RNA. Reverse transcriptase can make DNA using an RNA template. The Ames test is used to test for viral infection. Pasteurization is used to sterilize milk.

Words: 1116 - Pages: 5.adrenal insufficiency - Alcoholic hepatitis: fever, hepatomegaly, jaundice, anorexia, 2. Infection - Tuberculosis: most common infection in FUO, PPD positive in 90% of FUO infective endocarditis - Rare infections: leptospirosis, psittacosis, tularemia, melioidosis, secondary syphilis, disseminated gonoccocemia, chronic meningococcemia, visceral leishmaniasis, whipples disease, yersiniosis 3.

Malignancy - Lymphoma, especially NHL - Leukemia - Renal cell carcinoma: microscopic hematuria, - Hepatocellular carcinoma - Myelodysplastic syndromes - Multiple myeloma - Atrial myxomas: arthralgia, emboli, hyperglobulinemia 4.needles and personal items. Skin assessment includes assessing for ascites and measuring abdominal girth, observing for signs of bleeding (hematuria, melena, ecchymosis), excoriation, pruritus and skin breakdown as there is an increase chance for bleeding. Advising the individual to apply calamine lotion may prevent dryness and scratching. Prothrombin time may be prolonged due to liver dysfunction, which causes individuals to bleed easily.

The importance of reducing the demand on the liver must be stressed, these restrictions include avoidance of alcohol, no heavy lifting or strenuous activity until the liver returns to normal size, side effects and dangers of taking over the counter or prescribed medications (Acetaminophen, Aspirin, Sulfonamides, Ibuprofen) that are toxic to the liver or metabolized by the liver should be avoided as they cause cumulative toxic effects. Emphasizing the importance of physical examination, laboratory tests, which include liver function panel, Prothrombin levels and albumin, are critical to monitor disease progression. In addition to these nursing priorities, the health professional must also assess effect of illness on economic factor of the individual because of their loss of role function in the family. Utilizing community resources to assist the individual with activities of daily living include Meal on Wheels and housekeeping services. Hepatitis Foundation International is a national organization that addresses hepatitis B. Words: 1399 - Pages: 6.health problem primarily is that it causes some patients to be incurable to previously cured infections is because the emergence of antibiotic resistance is primarily due to excessive and often unnecessary use of antibiotics in humans and animals.

According to G. Gopal Rio “Risk factors for the spread of resistant bacteria in hospitals and the community can be summarized as overcrowding, lapses in hygiene or poor infection control practices. In the 1930s, the first class of antibiotics that was developed was called sulfonamides. This antibiotic is crucial in the treatment of bronchitis, meningitis and urinary tract infections, travelers’ diarrhea,” (Cummings, n.d.) and a host of other infections. Therefore, it is vital that the “Development of new classes of antibiotics is important because of the prevalence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria” (Cummings, n.d.).

For example, a patient were infected with bronchitis and has a strain of bacteria resistance to sulfonamides then their doctors would, essentially; prescribe another type of antibiotic. In conclusion, although the indiscriminate use of antibiotics is enhanced by their free and uncontrolled availability ‘across the counter’, particularly in developing and Third World countries where regulatory mechanisms leave much to be desired. Likewise, in developed countries, there is also a clear connection between the overall antibiotic intake and the rate of the recurrence of the discovery of antibiotic-resistant bacteria.

Words: 962 - Pages: 4.Rotor's syndrome Dubin-Johnson syndrome Impaired excretion of conjugated bilirubin Gilbert- A mutation in UDP glucuronyl transferase - reduction in enzyme activity. Crigler-Najjar syndrome, types I (absence of enzyme activity) and II (significantly reduced UDP)- much greater elevations of unconjugated serum bilirubin. Conjugated- Dubin-Johnson syndrome- MRP2 gene, and Rotor. Adults with normal renal function. 40 to 80 mg as a single dose over several minutes. Adults with acute renal failure or pulmonary edema. 100 to 200 mg as a single dose over several minutes.

Class/Action Indications Chemical class: Sulfonamide Therapeutic class: Antihypertensive, diuretic Pregnancy category: C To reduce edema caused by cirrhosis, heart failure, and renal disease, including nephrotic syndrome. Words: 907 - Pages: 4.point was 181 ͦC and the refractive index was 1.586 indicating the unknown amine was aniline. Most amines are soluble in water usually and dissolve in aqueous acid due to their ability to hydrogen bond. As the carbon chains get longer, solubility decreases as the hydrocarbon chains have to force their way between water molecules, breaking hydrogen bonds between water molecules.

In the experiment the unknown was not soluble in water. Secondly the Hinsberg test can distinguish primary, secondary, and tertiary amines and is based on sulfonamide formation.

In the Hinsberg test, an amine is reacted with benzene sulfonyl chloride. If a product forms, the amine is either a primary or secondary amine, because tertiary amines do not form stable sulfonamides. If the sulfonamide that forms dissolves in aqueous sodium hydroxide solution, it is a primary amine. If the sulfonamide is insoluble in aqueous sodium hydroxide, it is a secondary amine. The sulfonamide of a primary amine is soluble in an aqueous base because it still possesses an acidic hydrogen on the nitrogen, which can be lost to form a sodium salt. The unknown did not react indicating it was a tertiary amine. These results do not correspond with the compound aniline therefore there is some error in the experiment.

Would you expect the reaction product from benzenesulfonyl chloride and ammonia to be soluble or insoluble in a basic solution? The benzoyl chloride will react with the ammonia via. Words: 533 - Pages: 3.